# Support for pint Quantities (fluids.units)¶

Basic module which wraps all fluids functions and classes to be compatible with the pint unit handling library. All other object - dicts, lists, etc - are not wrapped. Supports star imports; so the same objects exported when importing from the main library will be imported from here.

>>> from fluids.units import *


There is no global unit registry in pint, and each registry must be a singleton. However, there is a default registry which is suitable for use in multiple modules at once.

This default registry should be imported in one of the following ways (it does not need to be called u; it can be imported from pint as ureg or any other name):

>>> from pint import _DEFAULT_REGISTRY as u


Note that if the star import convention is used, it will be imported as u for you. Unlike the normal convention, this registry is already initialized. To repeat it again, you CANNOT do the following in your project and work with fluids.units.

>>> from pint import UnitRegistry
>>> u = UnitRegistry() # NO


All dimensional arguments to functions in fluids.units must be provided as Quantity objects.

>>> Reynolds(V=3.5*u.m/u.s, D=2*u.m, rho=997.1*u.kg/u.m**3, mu=1E-3*u.Pa*u.s)
<Quantity(6979700.0, 'dimensionless')>


The result is always one or more Quantity objects, depending on the signature of the function called.

For arguments whose documentation specify they are dimensionless, they can optionally be passed in without making them dimensionless numbers with pint.

>>> speed_synchronous(50*u.Hz, poles=12)
<Quantity(1500.0, 'revolutions_per_minute')>
>>> speed_synchronous(50*u.Hz, poles=12*u.dimensionless)
<Quantity(1500.0, 'revolutions_per_minute')>


It is good practice to use dimensionless quantities as follows, but it is optional.

>>> K_separator_Watkins(0.88*u.dimensionless, 985.4*u.kg/u.m**3, 1.3*u.kg/u.m**3, horizontal=True)
<Quantity(0.0794470406403, 'meter / second')>


Like all pint registries, the default unit system can be changed. However, all functions will still return the unit their documentation says they do. To convert to the new base units, use the method .to_base_units().

>>> u.default_system = 'imperial'
>>> K_separator_Watkins(0.88*u.dimensionless, 985.4*u.kg/u.m**3, 1.3*u.kg/u.m**3, horizontal=True).to_base_units()
<Quantity(0.0868843401578, 'yard / second')>


The order of the arguments to a function is the same as it is in the regular library; it won’t try to infer argument position from their units, an exception will be raised.

>>> K_separator_Watkins(985.4*u.kg/u.m**3, 1.3*u.kg/u.m**3, 0.88*u.dimensionless, horizontal=True)
Exception: Converting 0.88 dimensionless to units of kg/m^3 raised DimensionalityError: Cannot convert from 'dimensionless' (dimensionless) to 'kilogram / meter ** 3' ([mass] / [length] ** 3)


Support for classes is provided by wrapping each class by a proxy class which reads the docstrings of each method and the main class to determine the inputs and outputs. Properties, attributes, inputs, and units are all included.

>>> T1 = TANK(L=3*u.m, D=150*u.cm, horizontal=True)
>>> T1.V_total, T1.h_max
(<Quantity(5.30143760293, 'meter ** 3')>, <Quantity(1.5, 'meter')>)
>>> T1.V_from_h(0.1*u.m)
<Quantity(0.151783071377, 'meter ** 3')>

>>> atm = ATMOSPHERE_NRLMSISE00(Z=1E3*u.m, latitude=45*u.degrees, longitude=45*u.degrees, day=150*u.day)
>>> atm.rho, atm.O2_density
(<Quantity(1.10190620264, 'kilogram / meter ** 3')>, <Quantity(4.80470350725e+24, 'count / meter ** 3')>)


Note that static methods cannot be used with the base class, only an instantiated class. This is because the proxy class wraps the methods only on creation of the object.

>>> ATMOSPHERE_1976.thermal_conductivity(300*u.K)
AttributeError: type object 'ATMOSPHERE_1976' has no attribute 'thermal_conductivity'

>>> ATMOSPHERE_1976(0*u.m).thermal_conductivity(300*u.K)
<Quantity(0.0262520007809, 'watt / kelvin / meter')>